Researchers List: Publications Relying on the Silencing the Self Scale and/or Theory

 

Publications on the self-silencing construct by Dana Crowley Jack:

 

In preparation:

 

Cultural Perspectives on Women’s Depression: Self-Silencing, Psychological Distress and Recovery. Co-editor, Alisha Ali, NYU. Under contract with Oxford University Press.

 

Silencing the self:  Women and depression. Cambridge, Ma:  Harvard University Press, 1991.

Paperback, 1992, HarperCollins.  Reviewed in the New York Times Book Review, The London Times Literary Supplement, Harvard Educational Review, Women’s Review of Books, Choice, The Boston Globe, The New Republic, Medical Humanities Review, Transactional Analysis Journal, News for Women in Psychiatry, Contemporary Psychology, Mirabella, and numerous others.     

           

            Translations:

German: 1993 Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich.  Transl: Ilse Utz

French: 1993 Le Jour; Sogides.  Transl: Marie Perron

Italian: 1996 La Tartaruga edizioni, Milano.  Transl: Bianca Piazzese

Chinese: 2000, for distribution in Mainland China.

 

------- (Under revision, May, 200777). Grant, T.M., Jack, D.C., Fitzpatrick, A., Jull, P., &

Ernst, C. Depression and other indicators of psychiatric distress among ethnically diverse substance abusing women: The role of Self-Silencing. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry.

 

------(2007). Depression in Nepalese women: Tradition, changing roles, and public

health policy. Mark van Ommeren, co-author. Editor: Valentine Moghadam. From Patriarchy to Empowerment: Participation, Rights, and Women’s Movements in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia. Syracruse University Press.

 

-------(2005). With Thomas Joiner, and R.A. Bernert. The bidimensional structure of suicidal

            symptoms in Nepal.  Archives of Suicide Research, 9 (4)345-351.

 

------(2003). The anger of hope and the anger of despair:  How anger relates to women’s depression.  In J. Stoppard and L. McMullen (Eds.). Understanding depression from the standpoint of women. New York University Press Series on Qualitative Studies in Psychology.  Michelle Fine and Jeanne Meracek, Series Eds.

 

-----(1999b). Silencing the self: Inner dialogues and outer realities. In T. E. Joiner & J.C. Coyne (Eds.). The Interactional Nature of Depression: Advances in Interpersonal Approaches. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, pp. 221-246.

 

-----(1999c). Ways of listening to depressed women in qualitative research: Interview techniques and analysis. (1999). Canadian Psychology, 40#2, pp. 91-101.  Special issue on Qualitative Research on Women's Depression.

 

-----(1992). Silencing the self scale: Schemas of intimacy associated with depression in women. Co-author Diana Dill. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, pp. 97-106.

 

-----(1987). Female depression during adulthood:  The interaction of social imperatives and  the relational self," In R. Formanek and A. Gurian (Eds.), Women and Depression, A Lifespan Perspective.  New York:  Springer, pp.161-181.

 

-----(1987).  Self-in-relation theory:  Theoretical frameworks for depression in women.  In ibid.  pp. 41-45.

 

Publications on Women’s Anger and Aggression: Implications for the Self-Silencing Construct

 

-----(1999a)  Behind the mask:  Destruction and creativity in women’s aggression. Cambridge, MA:  Harvard University Press. 
Paperback, 2000.

Translations:

Chinese, (Simplified characters), 2001. North Literature and Art Press for People’s Republic of  China.

Chinese, (complex characters), 2002 or 2003.  Hangzhong Publishing House of Taiwan.

 

-----2003. Anger:  That most unfeminine emotion.  In Jessica Daniels (Ed.). The complete mental health guide for women. Boston:  Beacon Press.  Co-author:  Lyn M. Brown.

 

-----2001.  Understanding women’s anger:  A description of relational patterns. Health Care for Women International, 22, 385-400.

 

-----2001. Anger. In J. Worell (Editor-in-Chief). Encyclopedia of Gender.  New York:  Academic Press.

 

 

Published studies by others using the Silencing the Self Scale as a measure:

 

Ali, A., Toner, B. B., Stuckless, N., Gallop, R., Diamant, N. E., Gould, M. I., & Vidins, E. I. (2000).  Emotional abuse, self-blame and self-silencing in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 76-82.

 

Ali A. & Toner,  B. B. (2001).   Symptoms of depression among Caribbean women and Caribbean-Canadian women - An investigation of self-silencing and domains of meaning.
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 175-180.

 

Ali, A., Oatley, K. L, & Toner, B. B. (2002).  Life stress, self-silencing and domains of meaning in uniploar depression:  An investigation of an outpatient sample of women.  Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 669-685.

 

Arata, C. M. & Lindman, L. (2002). Marriage, child abuse, and sexual revictimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 953-971.

 

Aube, J., Fichman, L., Saltaris, C., et al.  (2000).  Gender differences in adolescent depressive symptomatology: Towards an integrated social-developmental model.  Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 297-313.

 

Ayduk, O., May, D., Downey, G., & Higgins, E. T. (2003). Tactical differences in coping with rejection sensitivity: The role of prevention pride. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 435-448.

 

Banyard, V. L. Arnold, S., & Smith, J. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and dating experiences of undergraduate women. Child Maltreatment, 5, 39-48.

 

Banyard, V. L., & LaPlant, L. E. (2002). Exploring links between childhood maltreatment and     empowerment. Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 687-707.

 

Besser, A., Flett, G. L. & Davis, R. A. (2003). Self-criticism, dependency, silencing the self, and loneliness:  A test of a mediational model. Personality & Individual Differences, 35,    1735-1752.

 

Brody, C. L., Haaga, D. A. F., Kirk, L., & Solomon, A. (1999). Experiences of anger in people who have recovered from depression and never-depressed people. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 197, 400-405.

 

Carr, J. G., Gilroy, F. D., & Sherman, M. F. (1996). Silencing the self and depression among  women: The moderating role of race.  Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 375-392.

 

Cowan, G., Bommersbach, M.., & Curtis, S. R.  (1995). Codependency, loss of self, and power. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 221-236.

 

Cramer, K. M. & Thoms, N. (2003). Factor structure of the Silencing the Self Scale in women and men. Personality & Individual Differences, 35, 525-535.

 

Cramer, K. M., Gallant, M. D., & Langlois, M. W. (2005). Self-silencing and depression in women and men: Comparative structural equation models. Personality and Individual differences, 39, 581-592.

 

Crothers, M. & Warren, L. W. (1996).  Parental antecedents of adult codependency.  Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52, 231-239.

 

DeMarco, R. (2002). Two theories/a sharper lens: The staff nurse voice in the workplace. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 38, 549-56.

 

 

DeMarco, R. G., Johnson, C., Fukuda, O. & Deffenbaugh, O. (2001). Content validity of a scale to measure silencing and affectivity among women living with HIV/AIDS.  Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 12, 77-88.

 

 

DeMarco, R., Lynch, M. M. & Board, R. (2002). Mothers who silence themselves: A concept with clinical implications for women living with HIV/AIDS and their children. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 17, 89-95.

 

DeMarco, R. F., Miller, K. H., Patsdaughter, C. A., Grindel, C. G., & Chisholm, M. (1998). From silencing the self to action: Experiences of women living with HIV/AIDS.  Health Care for Women International, 19, 539-552.

 

Drew, S. S., Heesacker, M., Frost, H. M., Oelke, L. E., & Sarason, B. (2004). The role of relationship loss and self-loss in women’s and men’s dysphoria. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21, 381-397.

 

Duarte, L. M., & Thompson, J. M. (1999). Sex differences in self-silencing.  Psychological Reports, 85, 145-161.

 

Frank, J. B. & Thomas, C. D. (2003). Externalized self-perceptions, self-silencing, and the prediction of eating pathology. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 35, 219-228.

 

Geller, J., Cockell, S. J., & Hewitt, P. L., Goldner, E. M., & Flett, G. L. (2000). Inhibited expression of negative emotions and interpersonal orientation in anorexia nervosa.  International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, 8-19.

 

Geller, G., Zaitsoff, S. L., & Srikameswaran, S. (2002). Beyond shape and weight: Exploring the relationship between nonbody determinants of self-esteem and eating disorder symptoms in adolescent females. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32, 344-351.

 

Gratch, L. B., Bassett, M. E., & Attra, S. L. (1995). The relationship of gender and ethnicity to self silencing and depression among college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 509-515.

Haemmerlie, F. M., Montgomery, R. L., & Williams, A., et al. (2001).  Silencing the self in college settings and adjustment.  Psychological Reports, 88, 587-594.

 

Harper, M. S., Dickinson, J. W., & Welsh, D. P. (2006). Self-silencing and rejection sensitivity in adolescent romantic relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 459-467.

 

Hart, B. I., & Thompson, J. M. (1996). Gender-role characteristics and depressive symptomatology among adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 16, 407-426.

 

 

Horne, S., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2006). The female sexual subjectivity inventory: Development and validation of a multidimensional inventory for late adolescents and emerging adults. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 125-138.

 

Impett, E. A., Schooler, D., & Tolman, D. L. (2006). To be seen and not heard: Femininity ideology and adolescent girls' sexual health. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 131-144.

 

Impett, E. A., Gable, S. L., & Peplau, L. A. (2005). Giving up and giving in: The costs and benefits of daily sacrifice in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 327-344.

 

Kayser, K., & Sormanti, M. (2002). A follow-up study of women with cancer: Their psychosocial well-being and close relationships. Social Work in Health Care, 35, 391-406.

 

Kayser, K., Sormanti, M., &  Strainchamps, E. (1999). Women coping with cancer:  The influence of relationship factors on psychosocial adjustment.  Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23, 725-739.

 

Koutrelakos, J. (2004). Acculturation of Greek Americans: Change and continuity in cognitive schemas guiding intimate relationships. International Journal of Psychology, 39, 95-105.

 

Koutrelakos, J. & Baranchik, A. (1996).  Silencing the self:  Applying Jack's schemas to issues of norm discrepancies and double standards for gender.  Psychological Reports, 78, 655-666.

 

Koutrelakos, J., Baranchik, A. J., & Damato, N. (1999).  Cultural and sex differences in rating the self and an hypothetical well-adjusted person on Jack's Divided Self and Care as Self-Sacrifice subscales.  Psychological Reports, 84, 76-83.

 

Lieberman, M., Gauvin, L., Bukowski, W. M., & White, D. R. (2001). Interpersonal influence and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls: The role of peer modeling, social reinforcement, and body related teasing. Eating Behaviors, 2, 215-236.

 

Moretti, M. M., Rein, A. S., & Wiebe, V. J. (1998). Relational self-regulation: Gender differences in risk for dysphoria. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. Special Canadian perspectives on research in depression, 30(4), 243-252.

 

Olshansky, E., & Sereika, S. (2005). The transition from pregnancy to postpartum in previously infertile women: A focus on depression. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 19, 273-280.

 

Page, J. R., Stevens, H. B., & Galvin, S. L. (1996). Relationships between depression, self-esteem, and self-silencing behavior. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 15, 381-396.

 

Piran, N., & Comier, H. C. (2005). The social construction of women and disordered eating patterns. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 549-558.

Remen, A. L., Chambless, D. L., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2002). Gender differences in the construct validity of the Silencing the Self Scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 151-159.

 

Ross, M., & Wade, T. D. (2004). Shape and weight concern and self-esteem as mediators of externalized self-perception, dietary restraint and uncontrolled eating. European Eating Disorders Review, 12(2), 129-136

 

Shahar, G. (2001). Personality, shame, and the breakdown of social bonds: The voice of    quantitative depression research. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 64,        228-239.

 

Shroff, H., & Thompson, K. J. (2006). Peer influences, body-image dissatisfaction, eating dysfunction and self-esteem in adolescent girls. Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 533-551.

 

Smolak, L. & Munstertieger, B.F. (2002).  The relationship of gender and voice to depression and eating disorders. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 234-241.

 

Sormanti, M., Kayser, K., &  Strainchamps, E. (1997). A relational perspective of women  coping with cancer:  A preliminary study. Social Work in Health Care, 25, 89-106.

 

Stanton, A.L., Kirk, S.B., Cameron, C.L., Danoff-Burg, S. (2000). Coping through emotional approach: Scale construction and validation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1150-1169.

 

Stevens, H. B., & Galvin, S. L. (1995). Structural findings regarding the silencing the self scale. Psychological Reports, 77, 11-17.

 

Spratt, C. L., Sherman, M. F., & Gilroy, F. D. (1998) Silencing the self and sex as predictors of achievement motivation. Psychological Reports, 82, 259-263.

 

Thompson, J. M. (1995). Silencing the self: Depressive symptomatology and close relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 337-353.

 

Thompson, J. M., Whiffen, V. E., & Aube, J. A. (2001).  Does self-silencing link perceptions of care from parents and partners with depressive symptoms?
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18, 503-516.

 

Thompson, L. (1993). Conceptualizing gender in marriage: The case of marital care. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 557-569.

 

Uebelacker, L. A., Courtnage, E. S., & Whisman, M. A. (2003). Correlates of depression and marital dissatisfaction: Perceptions of marital communication style. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 757-769.

 

Ussher, J. (2004). Premenstrual syndrome and self-policing: Ruptures in self-silencing leading to

increased self-surveillance and blaming of the body. Social Theory and Health, 2, 254-

272.

 

Vidler, H. C. (2005). Women making decisions about self-care and recovering from depression. Women Studies International Forum, 28, 289-303.

 

Whiffen, V. E., Thompson, J. M., & Aube, J. (2000). Mediators of the link between childhood sexual abuse and adult depressive symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 1100-1120.

 

Witte, T. H., & Sherman, M. F. (2002). Silencing the self and feminist identity development. Psychological Reports, 90, 1075-1083.

 

Witte, T., Sherman M. F., & Flynn, L. (2001). Silencing the self and the big five: A personological profile of silent women.  Psychological Reports, 88, 655-663.

 

Woods, S. J. (1999) Normative beliefs regarding the maintenance of intimate relationships among abused and nonabused women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 479-491.

 

Woods, S. J. & Isenberg, M. A. (2001). Adaptation as a mediator of intimate abuse and traumatic            stress in battered women. Nursing Science Quarterly, 14, 215-221.

 

Woods, S. J., & Wineman, N. M. (2004). Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters, and physical health symptoms in postabused women. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 18, 26-34.

 

Zaitsoff, S. L., Geller, J., & Srikameswaran, S. (2002). Silencing the self and suppressed anger: Relationship to eating disorder symptoms in adolescent females. European Eating Disorders Review, 10, 51-60.

 

Books and articles that rely on Silencing the Self Theory

 

Amaro, H. & Raj, A. (2000). On the margin: Power and women’s HIV risk reduction strategies. Sex Roles, 42, 723-749.

 

Brenner, H. G. (2003). I know I’m in there somewhere. New York: Gotham Books.

 

Cox, D. L., Stabb, S. D., & Bruckner, K. H. (1999). Women's anger: Clinical and developmental

 perspectives. Philadelphia, PA, US: Brunner/Mazel, Inc.

 

Engelson, B. K. (2002). Social influences in the development of anorexia nervosa: A case study.  Eating & Weight Disorders, 7, 249-255.

 

Flanagan, K. M., Clements, M. L., Whitton, S. W., Portney, M .J., Randall, D.W. & Markman, H. J. (2002). Retrospect and prospect in the psychological study of marital and couple relationships. In J. P. McHale & W. S. Grolnick (Eds.), Retrospect and prospect in the psychological study of families (pp. 99-125). Mahway, N. J.: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.

 

Kayser, K., & Himle, D. P. (2002). Dysfunctional beliefs about intimacy. In R. L. Leahy & E. T. Dowd (Eds.), Clinical advances in cognitive psychotherapy: Theory and Application (pp.361-376). NY: Springer Publishing Co.

 

O’Quinn, Mary. (2002). A psychological analysis of abused women of the Appalachian coalfields. (Mellen Studies in Psychology, Volume 3). Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press.

 

Roberts, T. A., & Waters, P. L. (2004). Self-objectification and that “not so fresh feeling”: Feminist therapeutic interventions for healthy female embodiment. Women & Therapy, 27, 3-4, 5-21.

 

Simonds, Susan L. (2001). Depression and women: An integrative treatment approach. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

 

Spinazzola, J., Wilson, H. W. & Stocking, V. B. (2002). Dimensions of silencing and resistance in adolescent girls: Development of a narrative method for research and prevention. In L. H. Collins, M. R. Dunlap, et. al. (Eds.), Charting a new course for feminist psychology (pp. 111-138). Westport, CT: Praeger Pub./Greenwood Pub.Group

 

Whitton, S., Stanley, S., & Markman, H. (2002). Sacrifice in romantic relationships. In A. L. Vangelisti, H. T. Reis, M. A. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Stability and change in relationships 156-181). New York: Cambridge University Press.

 

Selected list of doctoral dissertations using the Silencing the Self Scale (not updated since 2004)

 

Affleck, Deborah J.  (2000). Women’s experiences of their bodies:  Understanding the connection between feminist consciousness, body image, and eating disorders.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, Canada.

 

Ali, A.  (1998).  Depression in women:  Effects of life events, support, emotional abuse and self-silencing.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, Canada.

 

Austin, J. E. (2002). Women's sense of self in relationships and attachment style as a function of relationship satisfaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University.

 

Baker, J. O. (2002). The importance of finding one’s voice:  Father hunger, self-silencing, and eating disorders. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida.

 

Barclay, L. L. (2004). The relationship of collectivist values orientation and psychological abuse from male partners to women's self-silencing and personality style. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, 65(6-B), 3143

 

Belknap, R. A. S. (1997).  My freedom, my life:  Voices of moral conflict, separations, and connections in women who have experienced abuse. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University.

 

Belliveau, J. M. (1999). An evaluation of psychosocial models of depression in low income women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New Brunswick, Canada.

 

Bozzano, S. F. (1999). The relationship between self-silencing and sexual harassment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Depaul University.

 

Brazaitis, S. J. (1998). White racial identity attitudes as moderators of self-silencing in White women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University.

 

Bruner, L. A. (1997). The relationship of college women's self-silencing and safer sex behaviors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.

 

Cawood, R. L. (1999). Self in relationship in women who engage in disordered eating.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida.

 

Cracco, E. J. (2000).  The relationship of self-silencing across relationship domains to depression and self-esteem among students attending predominately White colleges. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin – Madison.

 

Craver, R. S.  (2000).  Dating violence and its relation to identity, self-esteem, and silencing the self among college women.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University.

 

      Crothers, M. (2002). The effects of mutuality patterns on depression, loneliness,

                              shame, silencing the self, relationship satisfaction, and attitudes towards counseling.

            Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Nebraska.

 

Culp. L. N. (1998). The role of attachment style, gender role socialization, and perceived   partner acceptance in silencing the self and depression for women.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia.

 

D’Andrea, R. M. (1996).  Reconstructions of self in women with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, St. Mary’s University.

 

DeMarco, R. (1997).  The relationship between family life and workplace behaviors:  Exploring the gendered perceptions of staff nurses through the Framework of Systemic Organization.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University.

 

Drew, S. S. (1996). Understanding women’s depression:  The roles of relationship loss and self-loss. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida.

 

Farinon, L. (2000). The relationship of anger, self-silencing and feminist consciousness to disordered eating symptomatology in women.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, Canada.

 

Ferguson, M. R. (1999). Silencing the self: Psychosocial determinants of depression in women.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Union Institute.

 

Fossum, J. L.  (1997).  A correlational study of feminist/womanist identity development and depression in women.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California.

 

Golden, G. M. (1998). Women with voices:  The relationship between adolescent females' attitudes toward menstruation, creative aggression, and maintenance of their voices. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology – Los Angeles.

 

Hennig, Karl H. (2000). Mapping the care domain:  Conceptualization, assessment, and relation to eating disorders. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia, Canada.

 

Keane, S. H. (2004). Self-silencing behavior among female high school athletes and nonathletes. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, 64(12-B), 6332.

 

Kirk, S. A. (2002). Depression and self-silencing in lesbian and heterosexual women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University.

 

Korol, R. (1995). Women’s sense of self:  Mutual responsiveness in women’s conversations with female friends versus male dating partners. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati.

 

Koropsak-Berman, E. (1997). The Silencing the Self Scale:  An extension study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University.

 

Lacour,  M. A. M. (1998). Creating a model to predict eating disturbances in women from the components of perfectionism and self-silencing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.

 

Lippert, Robin A.  (1999). Conflating the self with the body:  The influence of depression, gender, gender role, perfectionism, and self-silencing on body esteem. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University.

 

Margolis, D. N. (1998). Culturally sanctioned violence against women:  A look at   attitudes toward rape. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,  Boston College.

 

Marshall, M. A. (1996). An examination of relationship factors and self-silencing in depression in women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Temple University.

 

McCann, M. E. (1995).  The silence that speaks through the belly's roar:  A study of eating disorders, depression, and self-silencing.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.

 

McConnell, C. A. (2001).  An object to herself:  The relationship between girls and  their bodies.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin at Madison.

 

McDonald, B. J. (2001). Marital distress and depressive symptoms in women:  The effects of self-silencing and self-complexity.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Ottowa, Canada.

 

Mendoza-Carrion, I. (1995). El yo in relacion y la depresion femenina en un group de mujeres Puertorriquenas. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Instituto Psycologico de Puerto Rico.

 

Miller, L. T. (1997). The self-silencing process in late adolescence:  The relationship with depression and mother/daughter relationship. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati.

 

Murphy, J. (2003). Silencing the self: Depression, oppression, and gender. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University.

 

Newman, S. G. (1998). Self-silencing, depression, gender role, and gender role conflict in women and men. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University.

 

Pohle, M. S. (1996).  Battered women:  Self-definition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Fielding Institute.

 

Prince, S. E. (2000).  Reformulating dependency:  Sex, power, and depression in intimate relationships. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington.

 

Remen, A. L. (2000).  Silencing the self:  an examination of a theoretical explanation for depression in women.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

 

Role-Warren, T. (2001). Self-silencing and parental care and protection in eating disordered females. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, 62, 2076.

 

Sanchez, M. M. (2004). Latinas' experience of depression. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, 64(10-B), 5232.

 

Scott, H. A. (2001). Communication in context:  Associations among power, resources, and couple communication. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon.

 

Shan, T.  (1998).  Expressions of female dependency behaviors and underfunctioning in response to gender salient and non gender salient interactions:  An analogue study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.

 

Sedillo, D. M. (2002). Assessment of the effects of interpersonal openness and coping resources on the psychological sequelae of traumatic victimization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas.

 

Snee, E. M. (1995). Split vision:  Psychological dimensions of authority for women in workplace relationships. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.

 

Swift, A. (2001). Implications of culturally based understandings of the self for the psychological health of Caucasian and Asian American women. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, 62, 1601.

 

Uebelacker, L. A. (2001). Mediators of the association between marital dissatisfaction and depression:  Self-silencing and perceptions of demand-withdraw communication. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University.

 

Vaughn, L. M. (1997).  Marriages of feminist women:  Descriptions, difficulties, and resolution strategies. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati.

 

Vazquez, M. D. (1998). Silencing the self, relationship satisfaction and marianismo:  An analysis of depression of Latinas. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, City University of New York

 

Weiner, E. M. (1998). The effects of short-term group therapy on severely mentally ill women who were sexually abused as children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,         University of Toledo.

 

Wisdom, J. P. (2001). Self-silencing, power strategies in peer relationships and peer relationship quality:  Associations with adolescent girls’ depression. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University.

 

Zollner, T. (2001). Self-silencing, relationship satisfaction, perceived relationship closeness, and anxiety in clinically depressed, agoraphobic, and healthy women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany

 

Conference presentations, not updated, partial listing

 

Ali, Alisha  (May, 1997). Self-silencing and its psychosocial correlates in women with irritable bowel syndrome.  Paper presented at the 9th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Washington, D.C.

 

Ali, A. & Toner, B.B. (1996).  Sexual abuse and self-silencing in women with irritable bowel syndrome.  Presented at the American Psychological Association Conference on Psychosocial and Behavioral Factors in Women’s Health.  Washington, DC, September 19-21.

 

Ali, A., Oatley, K. & Toner, B.B. (1998). Depression and self-silencing in clients attending a women’s therapy center.  Presented at the 106th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association.  San Francisco, CA,  August 14-18.

 

Ali, A. & Toner, B.B. (2001).  Depression and self-silencing among Caribbean immigrant women.  Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Women in Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, March 9-11.

 

Balsam, Kimberly F., and Elaine A. Wohlgemuth.  (1995). Women in relation: Silencing the self and psychological distress.  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York City, August.

 

Bommersbach, Marjorie.  (1995). Loss of voice in female adolescents: A pilot study of the voice construct.  Paper presented at the Western Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, March.

 

Brazaitis, Sarah J.  (1995). The psychological constructs of voice and silence across racial identities. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York City, August.

 

Carr, Judith (1995).  Silencing the self and depression in women: The moderating effects of race.  Eastern Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, April.

 

Carrion, Idalia M. (1995).  Self in relation and depression in a group of Puerto Rican women.  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York City, August.

 

Fox, Barbara, Bronstein, P., and VanNess Knolls, M. (1997).  Early family factors and self-silencing as predictors of depression in late adolescence: A longitudinal study.  Presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Washington, D.C., March.

 

Galvin, S. L., and Gillespie, D. M. (1998).  Differences in self-silencing and depression among adult attachment styles.  Poster presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, March 26-29.

 

Galvin, S. L., and Stevens, H. B. (1995).  Empathy, self-silencing and depression.  Paper presented at the Southeastern Psychological Association, Savannah, GA., 1995.

 

Gratch, Linda V. (1995).  The importance of diversity in understanding the complex construct of self-silencing. Paper presented at the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York City, August.

 

Gratch, L.V. (1997). The vitality of self-silencing as a portable construct:  From intimacy to the workplace.  Paper presented at the 9th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Washington, D.C., May.

 

Gratch, Linda Vaden, Margaret Bassett, Gabriela Axar, Debbi Ferguson, Layna Haidar, Shannon Hale, Judy Hudgens, John Hones, William Murff, Ursula Rice and Christine Rogers. (1995, June). Understanding 'voice' in relationships:  Interpretive differences in self silencing by males and females.  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Society, New York .

 

Gratch, L. V., Sikka, A., Waldner-Haugrud, L. K., Murff, W., Hudgens, J., Lane, E., & Benites, C.  (1996, July).  Self-silencing, depression, self-esteem and relationship adjustment among urbanites in India.  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Society, San Francisco, CA.

 

Gratch, L. V., Waldner-Haugrud, L. K., Murff, W., Benites, J. C., Hudgens, J., Simpson, G., Coats, K. J., & Roldan, C.  (1997, May).  Self-silencing, AIDS, and intimacy issues:

Dancers and young singles on the “Richmond Strip.”  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Society, Washington D.C.

 

Page, J.R., H.B. Stevens and L.S. Galvin. (1995). Relationships between depression, self-esteem, and behavior.  Southeastern Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Savannah, Georgia, March.

 

Penza, Kristin, Reiss, A, & Scott, H. (1997, May). Sexual orientation and communication in relationships:  Self-silencing, mutuality and power in heterosexual and lesbian relationships.  Paper presented at the 9th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Washington, D.C.

 

Rivas-Olmeda, Marta. (1995, August).  Self-silencing/self-sacrificing behavior and depression among Puerto Rican women in the United States. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York City.

 

Spinazzola, J., & Stocking, V.B. (1998, March). Psychometric properties of a revised Silencing the Self Scale (STSS) for use with Adolescents.  Paper presented at the Seventh Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, San Diego, CA.

 

Spratt, C., Gilroy, F., Sherman, M. & Kinney, J. (1997, May).  Silencing the self and gender as predictors of achievement motivation.  Paper presented at the 9th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Washington, D.C.

 

Tarkowski, Janet Snyder. (1994, March). Coming out:  The impact of perceived parental support on a lesbian's decision to self-disclose to parents. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of Women in Psychology, Oakland, California.

 

Thompson, J. M. (1997, May). Silencing the self, individual and relationship functioning in a community sample of heterosexual couples.  Paper presented at the 9th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Washington, D.C.

 

Thompson, J. M., Whiffen, V. E. & Aube, J. (1997, August). Sex differences in depression vulnerability:  Part I. Poster session presented at the American Psychological Association annual Convention, Chicago, IL.

 

Whiffen, V.E., Thompson, J. M., & Aube, J. (1997, August). Sex differences in depression vulnerability:  Part II. Poster session presented at the American Psychological Association annual Convention, Chicago, IL.

 

Whisman, M.A., Uebelacker, L.A. & Courtnage, E.S.  (1997, May). Depression and marital dissatisfaction:  The role of marital processes. Paper presented at the 9th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Washington, D.C., May, 1997.

 

International research with the STSS:

 

Australia (Helen Vidler, Melbourne)

The Bahamas (Shane Neeley-Smith)

Canada (A. Ali, J.M. Belliveau, J. M. Thompson)

Croatia (Zvjezdan Penezic, Professor, Dept. of Psychology, U. of Split, Zadar, Croatia)

England (Johanna Haraldsdottir, University of Surrey, England)

France (Dr. Kamel Gana, University of Tours)

Germany (Dr. Tanya Zoellner)

Greece  (James Koutrelakos, New York)

Finland (Airi Hautamaki, Professor, University of Helsinki, Finland, “Transmission of attachment and mentalizing across three generations.”)

India  (Anjoo Sikka, Professor, University of Houston, Downtown)

Mexico (Dr. Jorge Abia, Dr. Raphael Nunez)

Nepal (Dana Jack in collaboration with Dr. Nirakar Shrestha and Dr. Vidya Sharma and others)

Poland (Sylwia Kot, Gdansk University)

Portugal (Ana Sofia Antunes das Neves, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal)

Puerto Rico ( Idalia Mendoza-Carrion)

Romania (Puiu Vasilescu)

Scotland (Helen Kritsi, University of Glasgow)

Turkey (Feliz Adebas)

 

 

The above list of international researchers represents people with whom I am corresponding.  Since the scale has been translated into German, French, Italian, and Chinese as an appendix in the book, Silencing the Self, it is undoubtedly being used in international studies of which I am unaware.